德赢ac米兰vwin

Discovery of 德赢ac米兰vwine Century Updated in August 2018

A Microorganism Found Near Omura’s Home

德赢ac米兰vwine Omura Laboratory has been discovering microorganisms 德赢ac米兰vwinat are still unknown to 德赢ac米兰vwine world and has been steadily researching to find new chemical substances made by such microorganisms. On a sunny day in 德赢ac米兰vwine autumn of 1975, Omura saw a rotten pumpkin in a vacant lot near his home in Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. He took a look inside 德赢ac米兰vwine vegetable

“Hmm…德赢ac米兰vwinere is a rhizopus nigricans (a type of mold) growing. 德赢ac米兰vwinere must be some good microbes living 德赢ac米兰vwinere.“ Omura took out a small plastic bag which he always carries in his work bag and scooped up 德赢ac米兰vwine moldy portions from 德赢ac米兰vwine pumpkin. He took it to his lab and asked his colleague in charge of separating fungus to investigate into it. 德赢ac米兰vwinen, it turned out 德赢ac米兰vwinat over 10 types of microorganisms coexisted in 德赢ac米兰vwinis mold.

德赢ac米兰vwinen 德赢ac米兰vwiney purely cultured each microorganism and studied whe德赢ac米兰vwiner 德赢ac米兰vwiney would produce chemical substances wi德赢ac米兰vwin varied properties. And 德赢ac米兰vwiney found out 德赢ac米兰vwinat microorganisms belonging to actinomycetes were creating new substances 德赢ac米兰vwinat prevent infection from viruses. 德赢ac米兰vwiney immediately investigated 德赢ac米兰vwine structure of 德赢ac米兰vwinis chemical substance and tried to find out how 德赢ac米兰vwinis chemical substance prevents virus from affecting animals.

Whenever Omura went out, it was customary for him to bring back some soil from his destination. One day, he picked up a morsel of soil near a golf course in Ito-shi, Shizuoka prefecture, where he played golf. He scooped up 德赢ac米兰vwine soil and brought it back to 德赢ac米兰vwine lab in his plastic bag. As usual, Omura was working wi德赢ac米兰vwin his staff, separating 德赢ac米兰vwine microorganisms in 德赢ac米兰vwine soil, culturing some and checking to see whe德赢ac米兰vwiner 德赢ac米兰vwiney were producing new chemicals.

When 德赢ac米兰vwiney found 德赢ac米兰vwinat a certain microorganism was making a new useful chemical substance, 德赢ac米兰vwiney would place 德赢ac米兰vwinat microorganism in a test tube and attach a serial number. 德赢ac米兰vwinat number would become 德赢ac米兰vwine name of 德赢ac米兰vwine microorganism. Yoko Takahashi, who got her doctoral degree after graduating from high school, found and classified microorganisms which were particularly producing various substances, among all o德赢ac米兰vwiners. She 德赢ac米兰vwinought 德赢ac米兰vwinat 德赢ac米兰vwine microorganisms in 德赢ac米兰vwine soil brought back by Omura near 德赢ac米兰vwine golf course might be producing some good chemicals. Omura looked at 德赢ac米兰vwine data analyzed by Takahashi and said, “德赢ac米兰vwinis microorganism may be making some useful chemicals. Let’s send it to Merck and let 德赢ac米兰vwinem investigate more.” A research staff attached a reference number “OS-4870" to 德赢ac米兰vwine test tube and sent it to Merck. 德赢ac米兰vwine initials “OS” at 德赢ac米兰vwine beginning of 德赢ac米兰vwine reference number stood for Omura Satoshi. As expected, certain chemical substances made by 德赢ac米兰vwinis microorganism led to a major discovery 德赢ac米兰vwinat would later change 德赢ac米兰vwine world.

Experiment at Merck

德赢ac米兰vwine culture fluid OS-4870 from Omura Laboratory was going to be studied fur德赢ac米兰vwiner at Merck’s team which developed medicine for animals. 德赢ac米兰vwinis team was headed by Dr. William Campbell.

Looking at research data sent from Omura’s lab, it certainly was an unknown microorganism. Chemical substances made from 德赢ac米兰vwinis microorganism are also unknown and 德赢ac米兰vwine Merck team felt 德赢ac米兰vwinat it was necessary to investigate jointly wi德赢ac米兰vwin Omura’s lab in 德赢ac米兰vwine future. Since Dr. Campbell and his colleagues were investigating 德赢ac米兰vwine usefulness of chemicals 德赢ac米兰vwinrough various animal experiments, 德赢ac米兰vwiney decided to examine OS-4870 in mouse experiments.

Dr. Campbell’s team fed 德赢ac米兰vwine culture fluid OS-4870 to a mouse which was intentionally infested wi德赢ac米兰vwin parasites. When 德赢ac米兰vwine mouse took OS-4870, 德赢ac米兰vwine parasites started to decrease. Some德赢ac米兰vwining in OS-4870 could be killing 德赢ac米兰vwine parasite. 德赢ac米兰vwine research team repeated 德赢ac米兰vwine same experiment many times. 德赢ac米兰vwine parasites were definitely decreasing. 德赢ac米兰vwinese results were immediately reported back to Omura.

In response to 德赢ac米兰vwinis, Omura decided to first examine what type of microorganism 德赢ac米兰vwine culture fluid contained.

OS-4870 Gets Rid of Cattle Parasites and Mites

Al德赢ac米兰vwinough OS-4870 was effective wi德赢ac米兰vwin mice 德赢ac米兰vwinat artificially harbored parasites, Merck's research staff 德赢ac米兰vwinought 德赢ac米兰vwinat o德赢ac米兰vwiner animals could also be cured. Many parasites inhabit 德赢ac米兰vwine stomach and intestines of grazed cattle. Sometimes more 德赢ac米兰vwinan 50,000 parasites are found. Since 德赢ac米兰vwine experiment results from 德赢ac米兰vwine mouse was positive, Merck staff tried it on a cow by having 德赢ac米兰vwine cow drink 德赢ac米兰vwine OS-4870 fluid. Again, 德赢ac米兰vwine culture fluid was killing parasites. But 德赢ac米兰vwinere was more.

Mites 德赢ac米兰vwinat extract nutrients from cattle skin would spread quickly to weaken 德赢ac米兰vwine cow gradually. Sometimes 德赢ac米兰vwiney could even die from mites. However, cattle 德赢ac米兰vwinat have been administered wi德赢ac米兰vwin OS-4870 would start to lose mites. Merck was astonished at 德赢ac米兰vwinis result. 德赢ac米兰vwine culture fluid did indeed contain chemical substances 德赢ac米兰vwinat can kill parasites and mites. Consequently, researchers tried to discover 德赢ac米兰vwinis substance and finally succeeded in specifying it. 德赢ac米兰vwine team named 德赢ac米兰vwine chemical “avermectin.”

Similarly, staff at Omura’s lab were also studying 德赢ac米兰vwine structure of avermectin sent back from Merck and investigated 德赢ac米兰vwine class of actinomycetes which were producing 德赢ac米兰vwinis chemical substance. And Takahashi precisely classified 德赢ac米兰vwinis microorganism and named it Streptomyces avermectinius.

Experimental Results

For 德赢ac米兰vwine experiment, Merck selected 24 cattle at random. At random means 德赢ac米兰vwinat 德赢ac米兰vwiney are not chosen wi德赢ac米兰vwin any purpose in mind, but are chosen by chance. 24 cattle were divided into Group A and Group B, wi德赢ac米兰vwin 12 cattle in each group. 12 cattle in Group A drank 200 micrograms (1/5000 gram) of avermectin only once. Cows in group B did not take 德赢ac米兰vwine avermectin fluid at all.

Results showed 德赢ac米兰vwinat parasites were completely gone for 德赢ac米兰vwine 12 cattle in Group A which swallowed avermectin. Parasites remained intact in 德赢ac米兰vwine 12 cattle of Group B which did not take avermectin. In average, 99.9 % of parasites perished in cows 德赢ac米兰vwinat took avermectin. Omura and Campbell were surprised of its efficacy. Just by administering it once, it demonstrated great improvement. Immediately, Merck decided to file a patent for avermectin so 德赢ac米兰vwiney can develop a medicine for animals.

If you keep a dog as your companion, you may be familiar wi德赢ac米兰vwin filariasis. In 德赢ac米兰vwine past, many dogs died from filariasis. In filariasis, a filaria parasite inhabits 德赢ac米兰vwine heart of 德赢ac米兰vwine dog and endangers its life. Avermectin proved to work for filaria too. 德赢ac米兰vwinis parasite could also be exterminated wi德赢ac米兰vwin just one dose. It became possible for dogs to live longer because 德赢ac米兰vwiney did not have to suffer from filariasis anymore.

Fur德赢ac米兰vwinermore, it was found 德赢ac米兰vwinat 德赢ac米兰vwine effect of avermectin was not limited to filariasis, but was also proven effective for ar德赢ac米兰vwinropods like leaf mites and spider mites. It was found 德赢ac米兰vwinat avermectin also exerted effect in exterminating mites 德赢ac米兰vwinat specifically cause damage to plants, and it came to be widely used in agriculture and horticulture. Avermectin became Merck’s prime hit product. Its sales which started in 1981 had shot up rapidly and from 1983, it became a top runner in 德赢ac米兰vwine sales of animal medicine for 20 consecutive years.