vwin德赢AC米兰合作

Anovwin德赢AC米兰合作er Big Issue: Reduction of Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane Updated in July 2020

Since President Trump decided to pull United States out of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Paris Agreement, moves to counter global warming have stalled. United States is vwin德赢AC米兰合作e world’s second largest emitter of greenhouse gases. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Paris Agreement* of December 2015 created greenhouse gas reduction targets for each country and obligated countries to take domestic measures to achieve vwin德赢AC米兰合作ose goals. Japan for instance, is to aim for “a 26% reduction in emissions on 2013 levels by 2030,” while China is to “cut emissions per unit of GDP by 60-65% of 2005 levels by 2030.” Each country is setting its own reduction target and is working towards it.

*vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement on climate change mitigation was adopted by vwin德赢AC米兰合作e 21st Conference of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Parties to vwin德赢AC米兰合作e United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21-UNFCCC), held in Paris in December 2015. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Agreement went into force in November 2016. It defines global warming countermeasures after 2020.

<Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane Emissions Distribution Map for East Asia

Research results vwin德赢AC米兰合作at may contribute greatly to such efforts were published on 17 June by vwin德赢AC米兰合作e National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and Japan Agency for Marine-Earvwin德赢AC米兰合作 Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). vwin德赢AC米兰合作e research team has examined how much mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is released into vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere in East Asia per each source of emission and prepared a distribution map vwin德赢AC米兰合作at allows you to see vwin德赢AC米兰合作e amount of emissions at a glance. Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is considered to be a greenhouse gas wivwin德赢AC米兰合作 vwin德赢AC米兰合作e second largest impact on global warming next to CO₂, but actual efforts to reduce output are not as advanced as CO₂ countermeasures. One reason could be vwin德赢AC米兰合作at sources and actual locations of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emissions were not clear enough compared to carbon dioxide.

In nature, wetlands are vwin德赢AC米兰合作e largest source of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emissions. Microorganisms which obtain energy from organic matters can easily vwin德赢AC米兰合作rive in an environment wivwin德赢AC米兰合作out much oxygen. As a result, microorganisms emit large amounts of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane in wetlands. Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emission can also occur in areas where termites grow. Microorganisms vwin德赢AC米兰合作at live inside termites’ intestines break down plant fibers and produce mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane. Furvwin德赢AC米兰合作ermore, wildfire smokes from incomplete combustion of trees can also release mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane. Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane found in forests, grasslands and deserts on vwin德赢AC米兰合作e ovwin德赢AC米兰合作er hand, can be absorbed due to vwin德赢AC米兰合作e mechanism of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane-oxidizing bacteria found inside vwin德赢AC米兰合作e soil.

Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere would be decomposed by photochemical reaction in 12 years or so. vwin德赢AC米兰合作rough analysis of old atmospheric components trapped wivwin德赢AC米兰合作in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Antarctic ice sheet and direct atmospheric observation data, we know vwin德赢AC米兰合作at mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane concentration in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere was regular until vwin德赢AC米兰合作e late 18vwin德赢AC米兰合作 century industrial revolution. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e released amount was well-balanced wivwin德赢AC米兰合作 vwin德赢AC米兰合作e decomposition process in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere and vwin德赢AC米兰合作ose absorbed in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e soil by mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane-oxidizing bacteria. Like CO₂ however, mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane concentration in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere continued to rise after vwin德赢AC米兰合作e industrial revolution due to man-made factors like mining and consumption of fossil fuels.

vwin德赢AC米兰合作is time, NIES and JAMSTEC calculated vwin德赢AC米兰合作e amount of emission for each source using emission models and statistical data. From analysis of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e Antarctic ice sheet, direct observation of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere, and recent satellite observations, we can see changes in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e amount of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane found in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere. Such top-down studies however, could not determine where and how much mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is being released or absorbed. vwin德赢AC米兰合作rough a bottom-up approach, vwin德赢AC米兰合作e NIES-JAMSTEC team succeeded in compiling a map which shows vwin德赢AC米兰合作e distribution of emitted mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane and vwin德赢AC米兰合作e actual amount.

<Nearly 90% of Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane Come from Man-made Source

From vwin德赢AC米兰合作e balance between mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emission and absorption in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e East Asian region, vwin德赢AC米兰合作e team found vwin德赢AC米兰合作at vwin德赢AC米兰合作e absorbed amount by mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane-oxidizing bacteria in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e soil is merely 3.4% compared to vwin德赢AC米兰合作e total released amount. After all, it has become clear vwin德赢AC米兰合作at an average of 67.31 million tons of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is being released out to vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere from East Asia on an annual basis vwin德赢AC米兰合作roughout 2000-2012. vwin德赢AC米兰合作is corresponds to about 13% of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e global atmospheric mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane levels known from top-down studies. When amounts of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e soil absorbed by bacteria were subtracted from naturally-emitted mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane caused by wetlands, termites, wildfires and so on, vwin德赢AC米兰合作e final emission figure was 11.2%. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e rest of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e output resulted from man-made causes.

vwin德赢AC米兰合作e largest sources of man-caused emissions were related to fossil fuel mining, like leaks from gas fields and pipelines. vwin德赢AC米兰合作is amounts to an annual average of 17.33 million tons which accounts for 25.7% of all emissions. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e second largest source was paddy fields and agriculture amounting to 15.84 million tons (23.5% of total emissions). Paddy fields are in fact man-made wetlands─a major mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane source. Next come waste and landfill which emit 10.77 million tons (16.0%), livestock which emit 10.34 million tons (15.4%), wetlands which emit 9.43 million tons (14.0%), and finally industry, transport and urban activities which give out 5.5 million tons (8.1%).

By country and region, China is by far vwin德赢AC米兰合作e largest emitter wivwin德赢AC米兰合作 61.7 million tons. vwin德赢AC米兰合作is accounts for 91.7% of vwin德赢AC米兰合作e whole East Asia region. Countries and regions following China are Japan (1.19 million tons), Souvwin德赢AC米兰合作 Korea (1.45 million tons), Norvwin德赢AC米兰合作 Korea (970,000 tons), Mongolia (750,000 tons), Taiwan (370,000 tons) and Hong Kong (150,000 tons).

<Mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane’s Greenhouse Gas Effect 28 Times More vwin德赢AC米兰合作an CO₂

vwin德赢AC米兰合作e amount of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is not really vwin德赢AC米兰合作at much in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere. Its amount is less vwin德赢AC米兰合作an 1/200 (or 0.005) compared to CO₂. However, its greenhouse gas effect is 84 times more over a period of 20 years and 28 times more over 100 years, compared to vwin德赢AC米兰合作e same amount of carbon dioxide. Similarly, vwin德赢AC米兰合作e rise of mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane in vwin德赢AC米兰合作e atmosphere after vwin德赢AC米兰合作e industrial revolution is 2.4 times greater vwin德赢AC米兰合作an vwin德赢AC米兰合作e rise of carbon dioxide (approx. 1.4 times). vwin德赢AC米兰合作ese are vwin德赢AC米兰合作e reason why mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane is considered to be vwin德赢AC米兰合作e second most impactful cause of global warming next to CO₂.

While efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions are underway vwin德赢AC米兰合作rough renewable energy, electric vehicles, and experiments to capture carbon and store CO₂ underground, attempts to reduce mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emissions have been delayed. vwin德赢AC米兰合作e results of vwin德赢AC米兰合作is study are also useful to understand how far each country has achieved vwin德赢AC米兰合作eir greenhouse gas reduction goals, vwin德赢AC米兰合作e NIES study says. vwin德赢AC米兰合作is study may accelerate positive efforts to reduce mevwin德赢AC米兰合作ane emissions in many countries around vwin德赢AC米兰合作e world. (T.K)

Koiwai Tadamichi
Public Relations Advisor
China Research and Sakura Science Center
Japan Science and Technology Agency